#WindsdayWonders: 2023/02/21 -- The Two Ways

 

WINDSDAY WONDERS

Compiled & Edited by Rob Chappell (@RHCLambengolmo)

Editorial Associate: S. A. Sonnenschein

Vol. 3, No. 18: February 21, 2024

 

 

Sarnath: Post Tenebras, Lux (After Darkness, Light)

 

Welcome Aboard!

                Last week, I invited my literary anam cara (soul-friend), S. A. Sonnenschein, to become the Editorial Associate for this blog. To my great satisfaction, she accepted my invitation gladly, and she also agreed to make some literary and artistic contributions to the blog every now and then. Together, we look forward to continuing the blog’s mission of edutaining readers with insights from the humanities in all their manifold manifestations.

                Longtime readers will notice a few changes to the blog this week. The title of the weekly feature has been changed from Winged Words Windsday to Windsday Wonders – a change that is intended to convey the idea that, as Plato observed long ago, “Philosophy begins with wonder.” The logo in the header has also been changed from a Renaissance woodcut of Mercury to a golden triquetra – which reflects this blog’s multicultural flavor, for the triquetra is not unique to the Celtic peoples (although they certainly popularized it), and the symbol resonates within many different philosophical and spiritual traditions.

                As this blog begins a new chapter in its history, I would like to dedicate the following poem to my Editorial Associate, who has taken the pen name Solveig – a popular Scandinavian name that means “Sun-way.” Welcome aboard, Solveig! 😊

 

“She Walks in Beauty”

By George Gordon, Lord Byron

(1788–1824)

 

She walks in beauty, like the night

Of cloudless climes and starry skies;

And all that’s best of dark and bright

Meet in her aspect and her eyes:

Thus mellowed to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

 

One shade the more, one ray the less,

Had half impaired the nameless grace

Which waves in every raven tress,

Or softly lightens o’er her face;

Where thoughts serenely sweet express

How pure, how dear their dwelling place.

 

And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,

So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,

The smiles that win, the tints that glow,

But tell of days in goodness spent,

A mind at peace with all below,

A heart whose love is innocent!

 

Solveig reminds the Editor of Enheduanna (pictured above) – an Akkadian princess and high priestess of the lunar temple in the Mesopotamian city of Ur during the 23^rd century BCE. Enheduanna was an astronomer, a gifted scholar, a master poet, and a composer of sacred music. She is the first known woman author in world literature. (Image Credit: Digital artwork created by the Editor -- @RHCLambengolmo.)

 

Editor’s Note

                Sarnath is a city in the district of Benares, located in north central India. In this week’s edition of Wednesday Wonders, I’d like to share with you two stories about this ancient city – one fictional, the other historical.

                The fictional story is by H. P. Lovecraft, a well-known author of “weird fiction,” which mixes the genres of science fiction, fantasy, and horror. It is a tale of prejudice, genocide, and retribution, with a fictional timespan from 8000-7000 BCE, and set in a prehistoric city of Sarnath, in the land of Mnar (a fictionalized version of Benares).

                The historical story took place around 528 BCE, in a deer park near the real city of Sarnath. On this occasion, Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha after his Enlightenment, set in motion the “Wheel of the Dharma” for his first five disciples. In this account is set forth a summary of the Buddha’s first sermon, containing the essence of his teaching, which is in direct contrast to the vindictive violence that took place in the fictional prehistoric city of Sarnath.

                The point of sharing these two stories back-to-back is to illustrate the following truth, which our postmodern world has seen tragically demonstrated time and time again. Hopefully, this time around, we will at long last learn our lesson, and follow the path of wisdom and compassion shown forth by the Buddha.

 

Excerpt from Babylon 5: Season 3, Episode #20

“And the Rock Cried Out, No Hiding Place”

By J. Michael Straczynski, Creator of Babylon 5

                Every day, here and at home, we are warned about the enemy. But who is the enemy? Is it the alien? Well, we are all alien to one another. Is it the one who believes differently than we do? No, not at all, my friends. The enemy is fear. The enemy is ignorance. The enemy is the one who tells you that you must hate that which is different. Because, in the end, that hate will turn on you. And that same hate will destroy you.

 

The deer park near Sarnath, in the district of Benares, where the Buddha preached his first sermon (see below for text). The building in this picture is a Buddhist shrine commemorating this pivotal event. (Image Credit: Digital artwork created by the Editor -- @RHCLambengolmo.)

 

 

“The Doom That Came to Sarnath” (1920)

By H. P. Lovecraft (1890-1937)

                There is in the land of Mnar a vast still lake that is fed by no stream and out of which no stream flows. Ten thousand years ago there stood by its shore the mighty city of Sarnath, but Sarnath stands there no more.

                It is told that in the immemorial years when the world was young, before ever the men of Sarnath came to the land of Mnar, another city stood beside the lake; the grey stone city of Ib, which was old as the lake itself, and peopled with beings not pleasing to behold. Very odd and ugly were these beings, as indeed are most beings of a world yet inchoate and rudely fashioned. It is written on the brick cylinders of Kadatheron that the beings of Ib were in hue as green as the lake and the mists that rise above it; that they had bulging eyes, pouting, flabby lips, and curious ears, and were without voice. It is also written that they descended one night from the Moon in a mist; they and the vast still lake and grey stone city Ib. However this may be, it is certain that they worshipped a sea-green stone idol chiseled in the likeness of Bokrug, the great water-lizard; before which they danced horribly when the Moon was gibbous. And it is written in the papyrus of Ilarnek, that they one day discovered fire, and thereafter kindled flames on many ceremonial occasions. But not much is written of these beings, because they lived in very ancient times, and man is young, and knows little of the very ancient living things.

                After many aeons men came to the land of Mnar; shepherd folk with their fleecy flocks, who built Thraa, Ilarnek, and Kadatheron on the winding river Ai. And certain tribes, more hardy than the rest, pushed on to the border of the lake and built Sarnath at a spot where precious metals were found in the earth.

                Not far from the grey city of Ib did the wandering tribes lay the first stones of Sarnath, and at the beings of Ib they marveled greatly. But with their marveling was mixed hate, for they thought it not meet that beings of such aspect should walk about the world of men at dusk. Nor did they like the strange sculptures upon the grey monoliths of Ib, for those sculptures were terrible with great antiquity. Why the beings and the sculptures lingered so late in the world, even until the coming of men, none can tell; unless it was because the land of Mnar is very still, and remote from most other lands both of waking and of dream.

                As the men of Sarnath beheld more of the beings of Ib their hate grew, and it was not less because they found the beings weak, and soft as jelly to the touch of stones and spears and arrows. So one day the young warriors, the slingers and the spearmen and the bowmen, marched against Ib and slew all the inhabitants thereof, pushing the queer bodies into the lake with long spears, because they did not wish to touch them. And because they did not like the grey sculptured monoliths of Ib they cast these also into the lake; wondering from the greatness of the labor however the stones were brought from afar, as they must have been, since there is naught like them in all the land of Mnar or in the lands adjacent.

                Thus of the very ancient city of Ib was nothing spared save the sea-green stone idol chiseled in the likeness of Bokrug, the water-lizard. This the young warriors took back with them to Sarnath as a symbol of conquest over the old gods and beings of Ib, and a sign of leadership in Mnar. But on the night after it was set up in the temple a terrible thing must have happened, for weird lights were seen over the lake, and in the morning the people found the idol gone, and the high-priest Taran-Ish lying dead, as from some fear unspeakable. And before he died, Taran-Ish had scrawled upon the altar of chrysolite with coarse shaky strokes the sign of DOOM.

                After Taran-Ish there were many high-priests in Sarnath, but never was the sea-green stone idol found. And many centuries came and went, wherein Sarnath prospered exceedingly, so that only priests and old women remembered what Taran-Ish had scrawled upon the altar of chrysolite. Betwixt Sarnath and the city of Ilarnek arose a caravan route, and the precious metals from the earth were exchanged for other metals and rare cloths and jewels and books and tools for artificers and all things of luxury that are known to the people who dwell along the winding river Ai and beyond. So Sarnath waxed mighty and learned and beautiful, and sent forth conquering armies to subdue the neighboring cities; and in time there sate upon a throne in Sarnath the kings of all the land of Mnar and of many lands adjacent.

                The wonder of the world and the pride of all mankind was Sarnath the magnificent. Of polished desert-quarried marble were its walls, in height 300 cubits and in breadth 75, so that chariots might pass each other as men drove them along the top. For full 500 stadia did they run, being open only on the side toward the lake; where a green stone sea-wall kept back the waves that rose oddly once a year at the festival of the destroying of Ib. In Sarnath were fifty streets from the lake to the gates of the caravans, and fifty more intersecting them. With onyx were they paved, save those whereon the horses and camels and elephants trod, which were paved with granite. And the gates of Sarnath were as many as the landward ends of the streets, each of bronze, and flanked by the figures of lions and elephants carven from some stone no longer known among men. The houses of Sarnath were of glazed brick and chalcedony, each having its walled garden and crystal lakelet. With strange art were they builded, for no other city had houses like them; and travelers from Thraa and Ilarnek and Kadatheron marveled at the shining domes wherewith they were surmounted.

                But more marvelous still were the palaces and the temples, and the gardens made by Zokkar the olden king. There were many palaces, the least of which were mightier than any in Thraa or Ilarnek or Kadatheron. So high were they that one within might sometimes fancy himself beneath only the sky; yet when lighted with torches dipped in the oil of Dothur their walls shewed vast paintings of kings and armies, of a splendor at once inspiring and stupefying to the beholder. Many were the pillars of the palaces, all of tinted marble, and carven into designs of surpassing beauty. And in most of the palaces the floors were mosaics of beryl and lapis-lazuli and sardonyx and carbuncle and other choice materials, so disposed that the beholder might fancy himself walking over beds of the rarest flowers. And there were likewise fountains, which cast scented waters about in pleasing jets arranged with cunning art. Outshining all others was the palace of the kings of Mnar and of the lands adjacent. On a pair of golden crouching lions rested the throne, many steps above the gleaming floor. And it was wrought of one piece of ivory, though no man lives who knows whence so vast a piece could have come. In that palace there were also many galleries, and many amphitheaters where lions and men and elephants battled at the pleasure of the kings. Sometimes the amphitheaters were flooded with water conveyed from the lake in mighty aqueducts, and then were enacted stirring sea-fights, or combats betwixt swimmers and deadly marine things.

                Lofty and amazing were the seventeen tower-like temples of Sarnath, fashioned of a bright multi-colored stone not known elsewhere. A full thousand cubits high stood the greatest among them, wherein the high-priests dwelt with a magnificence scarce less than that of the kings. On the ground were halls as vast and splendid as those of the palaces; where gathered throngs in worship of Zo-Kalar and Tamash and Lobon, the chief gods of Sarnath, whose incense-enveloped shrines were as the thrones of monarchs. Not like the eikons of other gods were those of Zo-Kalar and Tamash and Lobon, for so close to life were they that one might swear the graceful bearded gods themselves sate on the ivory thrones. And up unending steps of shining zircon was the tower-chamber, wherefrom the high-priests looked out over the city and the plains and the lake by day; and at the cryptic moon and significant stars and planets, and their reflections in the lake, by night. Here was done the very secret and ancient rite in detestation of Bokrug, the water-lizard, and here rested the altar of chrysolite which bore the DOOM-scrawl of Taran-Ish.

                Wonderful likewise were the gardens made by Zokkar the olden king. In the center of Sarnath they lay, covering a great space and encircled by a high wall. And they were surmounted by a mighty dome of glass, through which shone the sun and moon and stars and planets when it was clear, and from which were hung fulgent images of the sun and moon and stars and planets when it was not clear. In summer the gardens were cooled with fresh odorous breezes skillfully wafted by fans, and in winter they were heated with concealed fires, so that in those gardens it was always spring. There ran little streams over bright pebbles, dividing meads of green and gardens of many hues, spanned by a multitude of bridges. Many were the waterfalls in their courses, and many were the lilied lakelets into which they expanded. Over the streams and lakelets rode white swans, whilst the music of rare birds chimed in with the melody of the waters. In ordered terraces rose the green banks, adorned here and there with bowers of vines and sweet blossoms, and seats and benches of marble and porphyry. And there were many small shrines and temples where one might rest or pray to small gods.

                Each year there was celebrated in Sarnath the feast of the destroying of Ib, at which time wine, song, dancing, and merriment of every kind abounded. Great honors were then paid to the shades of those who had annihilated the odd ancient beings, and the memory of those beings and of their elder gods was derided by dancers and lutanists crowned with roses from the gardens of Zokkar. And the kings would look out over the lake and curse the bones of the dead that lay beneath it. At first the high-priests liked not these festivals, for there had descended amongst them queer tales of how the sea-green eikon had vanished, and how Taran-Ish had died from fear and left a warning. And they said that from their high tower they sometimes saw lights beneath the waters of the lake. But as many years passed without calamity even the priests laughed and cursed and joined in the orgies of the feasters. Indeed, had they not themselves, in their high tower, often performed the very ancient and secret rite in detestation of Bokrug, the water-lizard? And a thousand years of riches and delight passed over Sarnath, wonder of the world and pride of all mankind.

                Gorgeous beyond thought was the feast of the thousandth year of the destroying of Ib. For a decade had it been talked of in the land of Mnar, and as it drew nigh there came to Sarnath on horses and camels and elephants men from Thraa, Ilarnek, and Kadatheron, and all the cities of Mnar and the lands beyond. Before the marble walls on the appointed night were pitched the pavilions of princes and the tents of travelers, and all the shore resounded with the song of happy revelers. Within his banquet-hall reclined Nargis-Hei, the king, drunken with ancient wine from the vaults of conquered Pnath, and surrounded by feasting nobles and hurrying slaves. There were eaten many strange delicacies at that feast; peacocks from the isles of Nariel in the Middle Ocean, young goats from the distant hills of Implan, heels of camels from the Bnazic desert, nuts and spices from Cydathrian groves, and pearls from wave-washed Mtal dissolved in the vinegar of Thraa. Of sauces there were an untold number, prepared by the subtlest cooks in all Mnar, and suited to the palate of every feaster. But most prized of all the viands were the great fishes from the lake, each of vast size, and served up on golden platters set with rubies and diamonds.

                Whilst the king and his nobles feasted within the palace, and viewed the crowning dish as it awaited them on golden platters, others feasted elsewhere. In the tower of the great temple the priests held revels, and in pavilions without the walls the princes of neighboring lands made merry. And it was the high-priest Gnai-Kah who first saw the shadows that descended from the gibbous moon into the lake, and the damnable green mists that arose from the lake to meet the moon and to shroud in a sinister haze the towers and the domes of fated Sarnath. Thereafter those in the towers and without the walls beheld strange lights on the water, and saw that the grey rock Akurion, which was wont to rear high above it near the shore, was almost submerged. And fear grew vaguely yet swiftly, so that the princes of Ilarnek and of far Rokol took down and folded their tents and pavilions and departed for the river Ai, though they scarce knew the reason for their departing.

                Then, close to the hour of midnight, all the bronze gates of Sarnath burst open and emptied forth a frenzied throng that blackened the plain, so that all the visiting princes and travelers fled away in fright. For on the faces of this throng was writ a madness born of horror unendurable, and on their tongues were words so terrible that no hearer paused for proof. Men whose eyes were wild with fear shrieked aloud of the sight within the king’s banquet-hall, where through the windows were seen no longer the forms of Nargis-Hei and his nobles and slaves, but a horde of indescribable green voiceless things with bulging eyes, pouting, flabby lips, and curious ears; things which danced horribly, bearing in their paws golden platters set with rubies and diamonds containing uncouth flames. And the princes and travelers, as they fled from the doomed city of Sarnath on horses and camels and elephants, looked again upon the mist-begetting lake and saw the grey rock Akurion was quite submerged.

                Through all the land of Mnar and the lands adjacent spread the tales of those who had fled from Sarnath, and caravans sought that accursed city and its precious metals no more. It was long ere any traveler went thither, and even then only the brave and adventurous young men of distant Falona dared make the journey; adventurous young men of yellow hair and blue eyes, who are no kin to the men of Mnar. These men indeed went to the lake to view Sarnath; but though they found the vast still lake itself, and the grey rock Akurion which rears high above it near the shore, they beheld not the wonder of the world and pride of all mankind. Where once had risen walls of 300 cubits and towers yet higher, now stretched only the marshy shore, and where once had dwelt fifty millions of men now crawled only the detestable green water-lizard. Not even the mines of precious metal remained, for DOOM had come to Sarnath.

                But half buried in the rushes was spied a curious green idol of stone; an exceedingly ancient idol coated with seaweed and chiseled in the likeness of Bokrug, the great water-lizard. That idol, enshrined in the high temple at Ilarnek, was subsequently worshipped beneath the gibbous moon throughout the land of Mnar.

 

The Opening Stanza of  The Light of Asia (Book 1)

By Sir Edwin Arnold (1832-1904)

 

The Scripture of the Savior of the World,

Lord Buddha —Prince Siddartha styled on Earth;

In Earth and Heavens and Hells Incomparable,

All-honored, Wisest, Best, most Pitiful;

The Teacher of Nirvana and the Law.

 

The Gospel of Buddha: Compiled from Ancient Records by Paul Carus (1852-1919)

[Slightly Modernized by the Editor]

Chapter 16, Verses 16-38: “The Sermon at Benares”

                And the Blessed One spoke kindly to his disciples, pitying them for their errors, and pointing out the uselessness of their endeavors, and the ice of ill-will that chilled their hearts melted away under the gentle warmth of the Master's persuasion.

                Now the Blessed One set the wheel of the most excellent Law rolling, and he began to preach to the five monks, opening to them the gate of immortality, and showing them the bliss of Nirvāna. The Buddha said:

                "The spokes of the wheel are the rules of pure conduct: justice is the uniformity of their length; wisdom is the tire; modesty and thoughtfulness are the hub in which the immovable axle of truth is fixed. He who recognizes the existence of suffering, its cause, its remedy, and its cessation has fathomed the four noble truths. He will walk in the right path. Right views will be the torch to light his way. Right aspirations will be his guide. Right speech will be his dwelling-place on the road. His gait will be straight, for it is right behavior. His refreshments will be the right way of earning his livelihood. Right efforts will be his steps: right thoughts his breath; and right contemplation will give him the peace that follows in his footprints.

                "Now, this, O monks, is the noble truth concerning suffering: Birth is attended with pain, decay is painful, disease is painful, death is painful. Union with the unpleasant is painful, painful is separation from the pleasant; and any craving that is unsatisfied, that too is painful. In brief, bodily conditions which spring from attachment are painful. This, then, O monks, is the noble truth concerning suffering.

                "Now this, O monks, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering: Verily, it is that craving which causes the renewal of existence, accompanied by sensual delight, seeking satisfaction now here, now there, the craving for the gratification of the passions, the craving for a future life, and the craving for happiness in this life. This, then, O monks, is the noble truth concerning the origin of suffering.

                "Now this, O monks, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of suffering: Verily, it is the destruction, in which no passion remains, of this very thirst; it is the laying aside of, the being free from, the dwelling no longer upon this thirst. This, then, O monks, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of suffering.

                "Now this, O monks, is the noble truth concerning the way which leads to the destruction of sorrow. Verily! it is this noble eightfold path; that is to say: Right views; right aspirations; right speech; right behavior; right livelihood; right effort; right thoughts; and right contemplation. This, then, O monks, is the noble truth concerning the destruction of sorrow.

                "By the practice of lovingkindness I have attained liberation of heart, and thus I am assured that I shall never return in renewed births. I have even now attained Nirvāna.”

                And when the Blessed One had thus set the royal chariot-wheel of truth rolling onward, a rapture thrilled through all the universes. The demigods left their heavenly abodes to listen to the sweetness of the truth; the saints that had parted from life crowded around the great teacher to receive the glad tidings; even the animals of the Earth felt the bliss that rested upon the words of the Tathāgata: and all the creatures of the host of sentient beings, gods, men, and beasts, hearing the message of deliverance, received and understood it in their own language. And when the doctrine was propounded, the venerable Kondañña, the oldest one among the five monks, discerned the truth with his mental eye, and he said: "Truly, O Buddha, our Lord, you have found the truth!"

                Then the other monks, too, joined him and exclaimed: "Truly, you are the Buddha, you have found the truth."

                And the demigods and saints and all the good spirits of the departed generations that had listened to the sermon of the Tathāgata, joyfully received the doctrine and shouted: "Truly, the Blessed One has founded the kingdom of righteousness. The Blessed One has moved the Earth; he has set the wheel of Truth rolling, which by no one in the Universe, be he god or man, can ever be turned back. The kingdom of Truth will be preached upon Earth; it will spread; and righteousness, goodwill, and peace will reign among mankind."

 

Srimala, an Indian Queen, was ordained by the Buddha as a preacher of the Dharma. Her profound teachings are recorded in the sutra entitled The Lion’s Roar of Queen Srimala – a major scripture of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition. (Image Credit: Digital artwork created by the Editor -- @RHCLambengolmo.)

 

The Concluding Stanzas of The Light of Asia (Book 8)

By Sir Edwin Arnold

 

Here endeth what I write

Who love the Master for his love of us,

A little knowing, little have I told

Touching the Teacher and the Ways of Peace.

Forty-five rains thereafter showed he those

In many lands and many tongues and gave

Our Asia light, that still is beautiful,

Conquering the world with spirit of strong grace.

All which is written in the holy Books,

And where he passed and what proud Emperors

Carved his sweet words upon the rocks and caves:

And how — in fulness of the times — it fell

The Buddha died, the great Tathagata,

Even as a man 'mongst men, fulfilling all,

And how a thousand thousand crores since then

Have trod the Path which leads whither he went

Unto NIRVANA where the Silence lives.

 

Ah! Blessed Lord!  Oh, High Deliverer!

Forgive this feeble script, which doth thee wrong.

Measuring with little wit thy lofty love.

Ah! Lover! Brother! Guide! Lamp of the Law!

I take my refuge in thy name and thee!

I take my refuge in thy order! OM!

The dew is on the lotus! — Rise, Great Sun!

And lift my leaf and mix me with the wave.

Om Mani Padme Hum, the sunrise comes!

The Dewdrop Slips Into The Shining Sea!

 

The Gospel of Buddha: Compiled from Ancient Records by Paul Carus

Chapter 100: “Praise of All the Buddhas”

 

All the Buddhas are wonderful and glorious.

There is not their equal upon Earth.

They reveal to us the path of life.

And we hail their appearance with pious reverence.

 

All the Buddhas teach the same truth.

They point out the path to those who go astray.

The truth is our hope and comfort.

We gratefully accept its illimitable light.

 

All the Buddhas are one in essence,

Which is omnipresent in all modes of being,

Sanctifying the bonds that tie all souls together,

And we rest in its bliss as our final refuge.

 

Further Reading

·         The Dhammapada, Translated by F. Max Mueller @ https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2017

·         The Light of Asia by Sir Edwin Arnold @ https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8920

·         The Gospel of Buddha: Compiled from Ancient Records by Paul Carus @ https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35895

·         Ashoka the Great @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka

·         His Holiness the XIVth Dalai Lama @ https://www.dalailama.com/